Table 1 The data set

Infrastructure:

Transport

Average travel speed (km/h).

PODES code 9022, 9023

(distances KM, travel time HR)

Average travel speed to facilities (9022/9023)

The system is formed by a linear type of infrastructure. Mobility relies on private vehicle with limited public transport in urban areas. Low performance indicates traffic jam (urban) and a poor state of infrastructure (rural).

Electricity

Average electricity supply per household (VA)

PODES code 501

(Electrified HHs)

Weighted average of electricity supply for poor and non-poor.

The system is formed by a linear type of infrastructure. The network is laid along the road network. High performance indicates urban and more developed villages.

Telecom

Average data transfer capacity (kbps)

PODES codes 904, 911

(Connected HH to fix line, Mobile network coverage)

Weighted average of data transfer capacity of fixed line and mobile networks.

The system is formed by a combination of linear and space types of infrastructure. The networks of linear systems rely on fiber optic (urban center) and copper (urban to sub-urban) along the road networks. The wireless mobile networks extend a space type of network to reach market in rural area..

Water

Average discharge (litre/day)

PODES code 608

(type of source, electrification)

Water discharge capacity based on each type of source.

The system is formed by a combination of point, linear and space types of infrastructure. Urban area served by linear public fresh water with option to private wells as the water source. Underground water forms space type of infrastructures. Point infrastructures are found in dry areas lacking water sources (white cluster in Fig. 1).

Demographic:

Population

Number of Population in the village

PODES code 401a,b

(male pop, female pop)

Total population 401a + 401b

Population is distributed in flat areas which are historically fertile or recently served with infrastructure, especially road networks and economically more developed areas.