Table 3 Rail
From: Estimating the contribution of infrastructure to national productivity in Europe
Main | Human capital | Tax | Trade | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Investment | 0.2778 | 0.3799 | 0.33 | 0.1859 |
Population growth | −1.264 | −0.817 | −0.2645 | 0.5313 |
Human capital | - | 0.2451 | - | - |
Trend | 0.0286 | 0.0248 | 0.0266 | 0.0214 |
AT (Possibly over-investing) | −0.0371 ++ (19) | −0.1783* ++ (13) | −0.0446 ++ (19) | −0.0950* ++ (19) |
BE | −0.4400 (15) | −0.4742 (15) | −0.7023** (15) | −0.1781 + (15) |
BG | −0.1561 (17) | 0.3305 ++ (12) | −0.1735 (17) | −0.1543 (17) |
CH | 1.9715 + (8) | - | 0.9680** (7) | 3.0551** (8) |
CY | - | - | - | - |
CZ | 0.1838 + (18) | 0.9754 (13) | −0.2515 ++ (16) | 0.0968 + (18) |
DE | 0.0081 ++ (21) | 0.0044 ++ (20) | 0.0220 (21) | −0.0244 +++ (21) |
DK | 0.0706 + (7) | 0.0564 (7) | - | −0.0009 (7) |
EE | 0.0550 ++ (19) | 0.0837 + (14) | 0.0887 + (17) | 0.0621 +++ (19) |
EL | 0.4771 (9) | 0.2664 (9) | 0.2576 (9) | 0.4051 (9) |
ES | - | - | - | - |
FI | 0.1868 (23) | 1.9804* (17) | −0.1481 (23) | −0.2717 (23) |
FR (Over-investing) | −0.7484*** ++ (17) | −0.7686*** ++ (17) | −0.5812** ++ (17) | −0.1676 ++ (17) |
HU | 0.1132 (15) | 0.0473 (13) | 0.0064 (15) | 0.4343 (15) |
IE (Possibly under-investing) | 2.9662*** (14) | 1.4312 ++ (14) | 1.3474 + (14) | 1.3969** +++ (14) |
IT (Possibly over-investing) | −0.5229 +++ (17) | −0.5323 +++ (17) | −0.7696* +++ (17) | −0.4848* +++ (17) |
LT | −0.2960 (17) | −0.0382 ++ (14) | 0.2244 + (17) | −0.2952 (17) |
LU | - | - | - | - |
LV (Possibly under-investing) | 2.2416*** (17) | 1.2130*** + (14) | 2.0308*** (17) | 2.2929*** (17) |
MT | - | - | - | - |
NL | −0.4506 ++ (12) | −3.3452 (8) | −0.9267 + (9) | 0.3556 +++ (12) |
NO (Under-investing) | 0.7826** (22) | 0.5875*** ++ (16) | 0.6417*** ++ (17) | 0.3892* +++ (22) |
PL (Possibly over-investing) | 0.0113 + (17) | −0.0532 (15) | −0.1785* +++ (17) | 0.0568 + (17) |
PT | −0.0632 ++ (17) | −0.0599 +++ (17) | −0.0506 + (17) | −0.0718 + (17) |
RO | −2.0451 (16) | −0.0047 (15) | −0.3388 (16) | −2.3211 (16) |
SE (Under-investing) | 0.1100** ++ (21) | 0.1280 (16) | 0.1997** ++ (18) | 0.1720*** ++ (21) |
SI | 1.5843 + (20) | 1.2281 ++ (16) | 0.9800 ++ (20) | 0.8841 +++ (20) |
SK | −2.7676 ++ (20) | −2.9167 +++ (14) | −2.1368 ++ (19) | −2.6066 ++ (20) |
UK | −0.0851 (19) | −0.2981 + (19) | −0.1417 (19) | −0.3252 (19) |
Error-correction term | −0.7258 | −0.8426 | −0.7985 | −0.8053 |
Adjusted R2 (long-run) | 0.955 | 0.968 | 0.977 | 0.977 |
Adjusted R2 (short-run) | 0.654 | 0.723 | 0.722 | 0.739 |
F-statistic (long-run) | 333.9 | 208.9 | 578.1 | 458.1 |
F-statistic (short-run) | 12.1 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 19.8 |